Gender in language – A mysterious thing
For most native English speakers, gender in language is a mysterious thing. Why is an inanimate object like a chair feminine in Italian but masculine in Russian?
Examples of gender in languages
The first thing to note is that the gender isn’t so much a property of the object (the referent) as of the word which refers to it. Italian “sedia” ends in “a”, which is a give-away for feminine in most Indo-European* languages. But Russian “stul” ends in a consonant, usually a sign of a masculine word in Russian and lots of other languages.
In German, all diminutives are neuter. So while Frau (woman) is feminine, its diminutive Fräulein (young woman, miss) is neuter. And it’s common to find pairs of words with the same referent which do not have the same gender.
So in Portuguese, “individuo” (individual) is masculine, but “pessoa” (person) is feminine.
In Spanish, “cátedra” (feminine) and “taburete” (masculine) both mean “stool”. It’s quite fun to observe how often words for male body parts are feminine and female body parts are masculine.
Gender in language – the use of pronouns
But that’s not the whole story. When you use a pronoun to refer to the referent, you have to use the one which has the same gender as the noun it’s standing in for.
If you say in German that a girl (Mädchen – neuter) comes into the room and sits down, you’d have to say “it” (es) sat down, though you’d probably switch to “she” (sie) soon after, because you’d be thinking of the gender of the girl herself.
I like collecting incongruous examples. In Spanish, a “fiesta” means a festival or a party, and is feminine, but when it’s the name of a car (made by Ford), it’s “el fiesta” (masculine) because a car “coche” is masculine. Here the gender of another word seems to be setting the agenda. Or is it that the object itself has very strong masculine associations? And yet a car is just a sort of “máquina” (machine – feminine)!
Gender in language – is there a rule?
Apart from anecdotal exceptions, all Indo-European languages overwhelmingly use feminine grammatical gender for females and masculines for males. English is one of the only ones to have reclassified gender this way, so animate beings are “he” and “she” but inanimate things are “it”. There are plenty of languages which make no such distinction; Chinese has no concept of gender, and the pronoun “ta” can translate as “he”, “she” or “it”. In classical Chinese it was just one character, but in the early 20th century, three variants came to be used, presumably in imitation of western languages, so you can distinguish between female, male and inanimate in writing, but they are still all pronounced “ta”.
Conclusion
Native speakers are often not at all clear about whether gender is a feature of the referent or the word. I remember having to refer to NPSH in a technical translation from English to Spanish. We decided to refer to the concept with its well-known English initials. Some of the committee members insisted that it must be feminine because it stands for “net positive suction head”, head means “cabeza” in Spanish and that is feminine. I argued that “head” is in fact a neuter English word and therefore it should be “el NPSH”. I won the argument, and “el NPSH” appears in Google about 5 times more often than “la NPSH” (feminine).
* The Indo-European language family includes all the major European languages (the only exceptions are Basque, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian), as well as Persian, Hindi and many others in South, Central and Southwest Asia. The native languages of about half the population of the world are Indo-European. The most widely spoken non-Indo-European languages are Chinese, Arabic and Indonesian.
